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University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Note: Depending on the lecturer teaching the course and nature of the text used for a particular course, there may be completely, little or no change to the following course outline:
PHY        111         General Physics for Life Sciences I | 2 units
Units and dimension. Scalars and vectors. Linear and circular motion, velocity, acceleration. Laws of mechanics and gravitation; simple applications. Conservation of energy, momentum. Work and power. Simple harmonic motion, simple pendulum. Moment of inertia, Angular momentum; centrifugal and centripetal forces; centrifuges, Elasticity, Hook’s law, young’s modulus. Fluids, pressure, surface tension, viscosity, osmoses, blood pressure, and its measurement.

PHY        112         General Physics for Life Sciences II | 2 units
Concepts of heat, temperature: measurement of temperature, clinical thermometer. Heat capacity, specific heat, latent heat, calorimeter. Gas laws; kinetic theory of Gas. Thermal energy, isothermal and adiabatic change. Conduction, convection, radiation. Sound waves; intensity, pitch and quality of sound. Propagation of sound in solids, liquids and gas. Doppler Effect. The ear. Reflection and refraction of light; Plane and spherical mirrors, Thin lenses; Optical instruments. The eye, defects of vision and their corrections. Wave nature of light, interference, diffraction: Velocity of light.

PHY        114         General Physics for Life Sciences III | 2 units
Electric charge, Coulomb’s law, electric field, electrostatics potential. Energy in electric field, capacitors. Dielectrics. Electric current, potential difference and electromotive force. Ohm’s law; potentiometer, meter bridge, wheat stone bridge. Magnetic effects of currents; permanent magnetism, earth’s magnetic field. Faraday’s Law of induction, generators and electric motor. Alternating current. Maxwell’s equations. Structure of the atom. Radioactivity. X-rays applications in Life sciences. Nuclear energy.

PHY        115         General Physics for Physical Sciences I | 2 units
Units and dimension. Element of vectors algebra. Kinematics, Linear and circular motion, velocity, acceleration. Laws of mechanics and gravitation; simple applications, motion of planets. Conservation of energy, momentum. Work and power. Rigid bodies Simple harmonic motion; simple and compound pendulum, damped and force vibrations. Moment of inertia, Angular momentum. Fluid mechanics.

PHY        116         General Physics for Physical Sciences II | 2 units
Temperature and its measurement. Heat capacity, specific heat, latent heat, calorimeter. Gas laws; kinetic theory of Gas. Thermal energy, work done by expanding gases; laws of thermodynamics. Liquefaction and transverse waves; vibrations in solids. Sound waves in solids, liquid and gas; pitch, intensity, and quality of sound. Doppler effect. Acoustics of buildings Ultrasonic. Reflections and refraction of light; spherical mirrors; thin thick lenses; optical instruments. Wave nature of light; interference, diffraction, polarization. Velocity of light.

PHY        118         General Physics for Physical Sciences III | 2 units
Electric charge, Coulomb’s law, electric field, electrostatics potential. Energy in electric field, capacitors. Dielectrics, polarization. Electric current, potential difference and electromotive force. Ohm’s law; Element of circuit theory. Thermoelectric effects. potentiometer, meter bridge, wheat stone bridge. Magnetic effects of currents; permanent magnetism, ferromagnets, earth’s magnetic field. Moving coils instruments. Faraday’s Law of induction, generators and electric motor. Alternating current. Maxwell’s equations. Structure of the atom. Radioactivity. X-rays applications in Life sciences. Elements of Atomic and nuclear physics.

PHY        121         Fundamentals of Physics I | 3 units
Units and dimensions. Vector algebra. Kinematics and dynamics of a mass point; Kinematics, Linear and circular motion, velocity, acceleration. Laws of mechanics and gravitation; simple applications, Keplar’s laws. Conservation of energy, momentum. Work and power. Rigid bodies Simple harmonic motion; simple and compound pendulum, damped and force vibrations. Moment of inertia, Angular momentum. Fluid and hydrodynamics mechanics. Ideal gas laws. Kinetic theory of gases.

PHY        122         Fundamentals of Physics II | 3 units
Temperature and its measurement. Heat capacity, specific heat, latent heat, calorimeter. Gas laws; kinetic theory of Gas. Change of state-Critical points. Heat transfer; conduction, convection, and radiation. Blackbody radiation. Wave motion, longitudinal and transverse waves. Superposition of waves, interference and diffractions. Thermal energy, work done by expanding gases; laws of thermodynamics. vibrations in solids. Sound waves in solids, liquid and gas; pitch, intensity, and quality of sound. Doppler effect. Acoustics of buildings Ultrasonic’s. Reflections and refraction of light; spherical mirrors; thin thick lenses, lens combinations; optical instruments. Wave nature of light; interference, diffraction, polarization. Rectilinear propagation of light. Velocity of light.

PHY        122         Fundamentals of Physics III | 3 units
Electric charge, Coulomb’s law, Gauss’s laws. electric field, electrostatics potential. Energy in electric field, capacitors. Dielectrics, polarization. Electric current, potential difference and electromotive force. Ohm’s law; Element of circuit theory. Thermoelectric effects. potentiometer, meter bridge, wheat stone bridge. Magnetic effects of currents; permanent magnetism, ferromagnets, earth’s magnetic field. Moving coils instruments. Faraday’s Law of induction, generators and electric motor measuring devices. Motion of charge particles in electric fields, Hall effect. Alternating current. Maxwell’s equations. Structure of the atom. Radioactivity. X-rays applications in Life sciences.  Atomic and nuclear structure. Nuclear fission and fusion. Nuclear reactor.

PHY        191         Practical Physics I | 2 units
Selected Experiments from the 100-Level courses in Physics for Service courses (life and other physical science).

PHY        195         Practical Physics II | 2 units
Selected Experiments from the 100-Level courses in Physics for Physics and Engineering Students.

PHY        196         Practical Physics III | 2 units
Selected Experiments from the 100-Level courses in Physics for Physics majors.

PHY        211         Structure of Matter | 3 units
(Prerequisite: PHY 121 and PHY 122)
Structure of Solids, basic crystal structures, space lattices, primitive cells and Brilloiun zones, Bragg’s law of reflection for X-rays. Types of crystals, crystal binding and mechanical properties, theory of elasticity. Fluid mechanics, equation of continuity, supersonic flow. Kinetic theory of gases, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law; specific heat of gases at low pressures; Van deer Waals equation. Brownian motion.

PHY        221         Mechanics | 2 units
(Prerequisite: PHY 115 or PHY 121)
Kinematics and mechanics of many particles systems; angular momentum. Dynamics of rigid bodies, moment of inertia; symmetrical top gyroscope. Central forces; gravitational potential problems. Keplar’s laws of planetary motion. Inertial frames, Galilean transformations; Coriolis force. Constancy of speed of light. Lorentz transformations; Length contraction and time dilation, Einstein’s mass-energy relation.

PHY        241         Waves | 3units
(Prerequisite: PHY 116 or PHY 108)
General properties of wave motion, longitudinal and transverse waves, polarization of transverse waves. Progressive and standing waves, interference of waves. Propagation of waves; effect of medium, dispersion, phase and group velocity, attenuation of waves. Wave equations, various solutions; reflection and refraction of waves. Vibrations, resonance. Coupled system. Fourier analysis. Elastic waves in solids. Interference and diffraction of light – interferometers, diffraction gratings, polarization of light-production and analysis of polarized light.

PHY        (242)      Geometrical Optics | 2 units {not for Physics & Astronomy students}
(Prerequisite: PHY 115 or PHY 122)
Refraction at curved surfaces. Thick lenses and lens combinations Ray tracing formulae. Lens defects, chromatic aberration, spherical aberration; astigmatism, coma, curvature distortion. Eye pieces, Huygens, rams den composite lenses, rectilinear lenses, Cooke’s triplet, telephoto and wide angle lenses.

PHY        242         Physical Optics | 2 units {for Physics & Astronomy students}
(Prerequisite: PHY 116 or PHY 122)
Interference of light, types of fringes; division of wave front, Fresnel’s biprism, Rayleigh refreactometer; division of amplitude, interference in thin films. Newton’s rings, Michelson interferometer, FabryPerot, interferometer, interference filters, Diffraction; Fraunhofer diffraction single slit, circular aperture; zone plate, Cornu’s spiral. Resolving power of optical instruments. Polarization of light, production and analysis of polarized lights, optical activity, phase contrast microscope.

PHY        251         Electromagnetism | 2 units
(Prerequisite: PHY 121 or PHY 124)
Electrostatics. Gauss’s Law. Fields of charge distribution, methods of images. Dielectrics, Polarization, Electric current, current density. D.C Network theory. Ampere’s law, magnetic fields of simple circuits. Transients in capacitive and inductive circuits. A.A circuits analysis. Magnetization and hysteresis. Permanent magnetism, Diamangnetism, Paramagnetism and ferromagnetism. Lorentz force. Hall effect. Maxwell’s equations – electromagnetic waves.

PHY        262         Introduction to Atomic & Nuclear Physics | 3 units
Experimental test of inadequacies of classical physics, concept of quanta Wave-particle duality. From Bohr’s hypothesis to foundation of quantum mechanics. Concept of spin – Pauli’s exclusion principle. Introduction to atomic and molecular spectra. X-rays. Lasers. Radioactivity – Structure of nuclei. Nuclear fission and fusion. Nuclear reactors. Feasibility of fusion power; Detectors. Accelerators.

PHY        291         Practical Physics IV | 2 units
(Prerequisite: PHY 195 or PHY 196)
Selected experiments from the 200-Level Physics Courses.

PHY        301         Methods of Theoretical Physics I | 2 units
Rotation and Translations in three dimensional space, coordinate transformations; curvilinear coordinates. Basic properties of matrices and Determinants. Cauchy – Riemann relations, Partial Differentiation and double integrals. Power series. Complex variables, Argand diagram, Cauchy’s Theorem, residue theorem and contour integrations applied to problem in physics. Fourier analysis, Fourier transforms and their applications to problems in physics.

PHY        302         Methods of Theoretical Physics II | 2 units
Dimensional analysis and applications. First and second order partial differential equations in physics; Heat diffusion equation; wave equations. Methods of solution: separation of variables, Laplace Transforms, eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Special functions: Bessel Functions, Legendre and Hermite Polynomials, Spherical Harmonics, Beta and Gamma Functions and their applications.

PHY        311         Solid State Physics I | 2 units
Crystal structure of solids, space lattices, Primitive cells and Brillouin zones; Miller indeces, structure factor. Crystal diffraction by X-rays and neutrons, the reciprocal lattice; crystal binding and mechanical properties of solids. Theory of elasticity; lattice vibrations of monatomic and diatomic chains; free electron theory of metals.

PHY        321         Relativity Physics | 2 units
(Prerequisite: PHY 211)
Galilean transformations, Michelson – Morley experiment, limitations of classical mechanics. Constancy of velocity of light; Lorentz transformations, Time dilation, length contraction, simultaneity of events, relativistic addition of velocities. Doppler Effect. Relativistic Kinematics, mass-energy equivalence. Four vectors relativistic invariance, invariance of Maxwell’s equations.

PHY        331         Thermal Physics                | 3units
(Prerequisite: PHY 122)
First and second laws of thermodynamics-reversible and irreversible processes – Carnot’s cycle, heat engines – isothermal and adiabatic expansion. Thermodynamic potentials Maxwell’s relations. Entropy – Third law of thermodynamics. Joule-Kelvin effect – refrigeration. Equation of state of perfect gas; Maxwell’s-Boltzmann statistics; Partition function; Equipartition theorem. Low temperature physics. Blackbody radiation.

PHY        351         Electronics | 2 units
(Prerequisite: PHY 251)
Electronics device characteristics, equivalent circuit; various types of amplifiers, frequency and phase response, distortion, feedback oscillators. Semi-conductor theory and devices, characteristics; Laser & Masers; four terminal network; equivalent circuits. Communication systems: modulation, a.m., f.m., single side; demodulation, Elements of logic circuitry. Analog to digital conversion. Computers.

PHY        361         Quantum Mechanics I | 3 units
Wave-Particle duality. Fundamental postulates of quantum mechanics – Heisenberg’s uncertainty principles, statistical interpretation of wave functions. Correspondence principle: Hamilton-Jacobi equations, Schrodinger’s equation application to one dimensional time independent problems. Central force problems – angular momentum and radial quantum numbers of hydrogen like atoms. Introduction to scattering theory.

PHY        381         An Introduction to Astronomy | 3 units
Astronomical units of mass, distance and time. Optical and radio-telescopes, observatories in space. Limitations due to nature of electromagnetic waves. Solar system, physics of planets and satellites, formation of planets. Origin of the solar system. Stars, distances, brightness, colours, luminosity, stellar types, spectra, stellar masses and dimension, stellar evolution. Hertsprung-Russel diagram, exploding stars, supernova, neutron stars, pulsars, black holes. Galaxies, the milky way, classification of galaxies, abnormal galaxies, quasars, isotropy and homogeneity of the universe, models of the universe. Extra terrestrial life.

PHY        391         Practical Physics V | 2 units
(Prerequisite: PHY 292)
Selected experiments from the 300-Level Physics Courses.

PHY        392         Practical Physics VI | 2 units
(Prerequisite: PHY 391)
Selected experiments from the 300-Level Physics Courses.

PHY        393         Workshop Course I (Mechanical) | 2 units
Safety precautions in mechanical workshop/industries. Units and measurements, Materials and Tools. Use of various mechanical hand tools – hand tiles, hacksaw, drills etc. Use of machine tools and practice – lathe machines drilling machine. Power hacksaw etc. Welding and fabrication practice. Wood work tools and practice project. Technical drawing: Introduction to technical drawing, geometrical constructions, isometric and oblique drawings. Orthographic projections – 1st and 3rd angle projections, maintenance and repairs of machine tools, gears and threads.

PHY        394         Workshop Course II (Electronics) | 2 units
Safety precautions in electronics workshop/industries. Units and measurements Identification of electronics tools, electronics symbols and electronic components, colour codes in resistors and capacitors. Soldering techniques, circuits designs and wiring. Use of test equipment like multimeters, oscilloscopes and signal generators. Design and construction of power supply units, amplifiers, P.S.U. and phase-shift oscillators. Production line, role of computers, Projects.

PHY        395         Measurements and Instrumentations | 2 units
Measurements, nature, design of experiments, scale. Voltage and current measurements digital voltage and current measurements, digital voltmeters, measurement of A.C. voltage, average peak to peak response and r.m.s detectors, direct and alternating current probes. Frequency and time measurements, standards, time signal broadcasting, frequency synthesizer. Signal analysis, digital analysis, digital techniques, Fourier’s transform techniques, signal statistics. Types of sensors; solid state, electrolytic gaseous, ion, capacitor, magnetic induction and electronic sensors, various types of recorders. Basic principles of design service and maintenance of instruments.

PHY        401         Computational Physics | 2 units
Use of numerical methods in Physics, various methods of numerical integrations, differentiations; numerical solutions of some differential equations in physics; statistical analysis of exponential data. Use of calculators and computers, computer programming, use of flow diagrams, programming practice using some problems in physics.

PHY        402         General Physics | 2 units
Review of the five integrated theme in physics, Viz: (1) Concept of space, time and motion (2) Conservation Principles – Energy, charge, angular momentum etc. (3) fields – gravitational, magnetic, electrostatic etc (4) Waves and (5) Quanta. Solution of simple problem on the above topics.

PHY        411         Solid State Physics II | 2 units
Nearly free electron theory of solids, Band theory of solids; metals insulators and semiconductors; Effective mass, Fermi surfaces, electrons and holes in semiconductors, diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism; superconductivity; Defects in solids, Lasers and Masers.

PHY        412         Science of Materials | 2 units
General introduction of Materials, engineering requirements. Mechanical properties of materials; tests to study stress, strain, ductility, hardness, toughness and fatigue. Crystal classes and system; macroscopic and microscopic investigations of materials by electron microscope and X-ray diffraction techniques. Study of imperfections, vacancies, dislocations, stacking faults and grain boundaries, clip and twining effect of defects as properties of materials. Singles phase and multiphase materials, solid solutions. Binary alloys; eutectic and non-eutectic mixtures. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals, steel. Polymers; structure classification, properties, fabrication. Ceramics, composition, forming and shaping. Stability of materials.

PHY        414         Introduction to Industrial Processing | 2units
Basic principles of manufacturing. Measuring and gauging, cleaning and finishing. Mechanical working fundamentals – machining, rolling, forging, cutting, planning and drilling – use of the lathe family of machine tools. The laser, recent developments in manufacturing and material handling. Digital measurements and process control, automation. Quality control techniques.

PHY        421         Analytical Mechanics | 3units
(Prerequisite: PHY 221)
N-particle systems; generalized coordinates; D’Alambert’s principles, Lagrangian formulation; Hamiltonian formulation; Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Canonical transformations, generators, Poisson brackets, Jacobin identity. Continuous systems; classical theory of fields. Small vibrations.

PHY        431         Statistical Physics | 2units
(Prerequisite: PHY 331)
The perfect classical gas, equation of state; partition function; Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics, Einstein-Debye theory of specific heats of solids. Liquefaction of gases; liquid helium, superfluity, Bose-Einstein condensation, Production of low temperatures. Nuclear demagnetization. Negative temperatures. Gas, Kelvin and magnetic temperature scales, thermal properties superconductors. Ordinary and High-temperature superconductors.

PHY        432         Solar Energy I | 2 units
Development of alternative energy sources – solar, wind geothermal and others. Survey of current solar energy activities and applications, solar radiation, radiation measuring instruments. The basic flat plate collector, selective surfaces antireflective coatings, collector designs, thermal energy storage, high-density batteries and fuel cells, solar houses, heat engines, thermal electric power generation, cooling and refrigeration, solar ponds, distillation. Design, performance and economics of solar systems. Demonstration projects.

PHY        433         Solar Energy II | 2uints
Photoconductivity in solids, photo emission, photovoltaic generation of e.m.f, photovoltaic cells. Amorphous photovoltaic cells and energy storage. Design performance and economics of solar photovoltaic systems. Measuring and instrumentation for photovoltaic system. Application of photovoltaic in industry and agriculture.

PHY        434         Biomass Energy                | 2 units
Photosynthesis, Chemical processes and energy storage in plants. Fuel wood, animal waste, manufacture of synthetic fuel, e.g. methanol, from biomass oxidation and hydrolysis of fuels. Wood stoves and burners. Desertification and fuel wood conservation.

PHY        435         Fossil Energy | 2 units
Conventional sources of energy – petroleum and gas, coal, hydroelectric and thermal power stations. Petroleum exploration, mining and refining. Design, operation and economics of conventional fossil energy conversion and conservation systems, turbines, generators, boilers and internal combustion engines. Energy consumption in industry, transportation and other sectors.

PHY        436         Nuclear Energy I | 2 units
Nuclear reactions, cross-sections, theory of beta decay. Nuclear fission: properties and relation to nuclear power. Slowing down of neutrons in media-neutron induced chain reactions. Various nuclear models. Nuclear fusion-Thermo-nuclear reactions. Nuclear instrumentation. Radiation protection and control. Sources of nuclear materials.

PHY        437         Nuclear Energy II | 2units
Basic reactor designs – light and heavy water reactors, molten salt breaker reactors, high temperature gas cooled reactors, power plant thermodynamics, reactor heat generation and removal. Basic plasma physics – magneto hydro-dynamic equations.

PHY        451         Electromagnetic Theory                | 2 units
(Prerequisite: PHY 251)
Maxwell’s equations, Poynting Vector, propagation of electromagnetic waves, polarization, reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves. Retard and advanced potentials. Transmission lines, wave guides, resonant cavities. Antenna, antenna arrays. Radiation from moving charges.

PHY        452         Classical Electrodynamics & Plasma Physics | 2 units
Maxwell’s equations; covariant formalism; gauge transformation; solutions in presence of sources. Multiple expansion of electromagnetic fields. Radiation from moving charges; self energy problems. Motion of charge particles in electromagnetic fields. Plasma Physics. Boltzmann’s equation, linearized solutions. Magneto-hydrodynamics, hydro-magnetic waves.

PHY        453         Industrial Electronics | 2 units
Operational amplifiers, analog computers. Electronics building blocks, design of digital systems. Binary codes, logic gates, logic operations. Digital computers, solid state devices, Zener diodes, tunnel diodes, solar cells, particle counters. Telecommunications, telephony, telegraphy, telex, telemetry, antenna systems. AM and FM radio transmitters and receivers, television. Electron microscope. Electronic control of industrial processes.

PHY        454         Biophysics I | 2 units
Ionization of biomolecules, e.g. aminoacides; electrical charge on biomolecules and implications for separation and purification methods: ion exchange, chromatography, electrophoresis, thin layer and paper chromatography. Thermodynamic principles: the living organism as a non-equilibrium thermodynamic system. Energy transfer in living systems contrasted with that in inanimate machines. Bioelectricity: ion channels, action potentials and nerve impulse transmission. Study of the electric cell.

PHY        455         Biophysics II | 2 units
Optics of the eye, photo energy transduction in vision. Sound waves, receiver and the ear, hearing aids. Human voice, ultrasound and applications. Fluid flow and viscosity: implications of blood flow. Viscosity and applications in serum analysis in health and disease and in sickling test. Heamodynamics, measurement of blood pressure, flow and volume. Osmotic pressure and tonicity of biological fluids and infusion solutions. Surface tension and the lung, surface active agents. Pulmonary resistance, elastic recoil, etc. in relation to lung function. Centrifugation: sedimentation velocity and equilibrium applications.

PHY        461         Quantum Mechanics II | 3 units
State vectors and operators in Quantum mechanics-Schrodinger, Heisenberg and interaction representations. Harmonic oscillator, using creation and annihilation operators. Angular momentum, spin and addition of angular moment a time independent and time dependent perturbation theories: application to laser systems. Identical particles and the spin-statistics theorem. Theory of scattering.

PHY        462         Nuclear Physics | 3 units
(Prerequisite: PHY 262)
Nuclear structure, binding, stability, the liquid drop model, the shell model. Nuclear reactions, general features, kinematics of the compound nucleus, Breit-Wigner formula, nuclear fission, Reactor Physics, chain reaction, thermalisation of neutrons, moderators, neutrons diffusion. Elementary particles, classification,  symmetry properties, basic interpretations. Particles detectors. High energy accelerators.

PHY        463         Advanced Quantum Mechanics II | 2 units
Relativistic wave equations. Klein-Gordon and Dirac equation, application of Direct equation to hydrogen like atoms. Gauge invariance and coupling of Dirac and Klein-Gordon equations to electromagnetic fields. Feynman’s path integral method, Feynman diagrams with simple applications.

PHY        464         Symmetries in Physics | 2 units
Role of Symmetry principles in Physics, Space – time symmetries and their connection with conserved quantities in classical and quantum physics. Isospin, strangeness, charm etc. internal symmetries in particles physics. Classification of interactions according to symmetry principles.

PHY        465         Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics | 2 units
Leptons, Baryons and masons – their quantum numbers, interactions and other properties. Quarks, gluons and hadronic spectroscopy. Unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions. Theory of strong interactions. Possibilities of toal unification of all interactions. Recent developments.

PHY        466         Radiation Protection and Dosimetry | 2 units
Radiation units. Maximum permissible doses. Genetic effects, acute and chronic exposure. Personal dosimetry, Radiation, Radiation shielding; Safe operation procedures. Waste disposal. Dosimetry methods and instruments.

PHY        467         Interaction of Radiation with Matter | 2 units
Interaction of X-rays and gamma-rays with matter: Coherent, Rayleigh and Thomson scattering. Photoelectric effect, Compton Effect, pair production, photodisintegration. Probabilities of interactions, Attenuation and adsorption coefficients. Linear energy transfer, interactions of charged particles and neutrons with matter.

PHY        468         Radiation Instrumentation | 2 units
Radiation detections: Ionization chambers, Geiger counter, Scinitillation counters, bubbles chamber, Semiconductor detector, Multichannel analysers. X-rays equipment. Image intensifiers. Teletherapy equipment. Ultrasonic equipment, radioisotope scanners. Gamma cameras.

PHY        469         Medical Nuclear Physics | 2 units
Production of radioisotopes – principles of nuclear scanning and tracer techniques. Therapeutic uses of radioisotopes. Nuclear magnetic resonance.

PHY        471         Meteorology | 2 units
Earth’s atmosphere; use of fluid dynamics; effect of rotation of the earth. Sources of atmospheric motion, energy from the sun, periodic variation of solar energy. Composition of the atmosphere, different layers, effect of composition on absorption of solar energy in the atmosphere. Distribution of temperature, pressure and wind with height; diurnal and seasonal variation of temperature. Cloud formation, physics of clouds. Isotherms, isobars, weather carts. Various weather system, land and sea breeze, monsoon, dust haze, cyclones. Weather forecasting.

PHY        472         Aeronomy | 2 units
Composition of the atmosphere; temperature ionization. Influence of the sun on the atmosphere. The neutral atmosphere, pressure, density and temperature distribution. Formation of ionized layers, Chapman theory; Propagation of electromagnetic waves in an ionized medium; Experimental techniques for probing the ionosphere. Earth’s magnetic field in space, magnetic variation, ionospheric conductivities and dynamo theory. Trapping of charged particles in the earth’s magnetic storms. The equatorial ionsphere. Ionospheric irregularities. Elements of airglow and aurora.

PHY        473         Physics of the Earth’s Interior | 2 units
Origin shape, structure and major divisions of the earth. Radioactivity and the ages of rocks. Temperature and temperature gradients, thermal conductivity of the earth; generation of heat in the earth, heat flow through the earth’s surface. Elasticity of the earth and earth tides. The earth’s main magnetic field and its distribution in space, secular variation, electrical theory of the earth’s core and the mean pole, Sea floor spreading, continental drift and plate tectonics.

PHY        474         Industrial Geophysics | 2 units
Introduction to seismic, gravitational, magnetic electrical/electromagnetic, induced polarization, well-logging and radioactivity methods as applied to prospecting for economic mineral deposits. Use of geophysics in the solution of civil engineering problems.

PHY        481         Stellar Structure and Evolution | 2 units
Physics of the stellar interior, equilibrium equation of stellar structure, continuity of mass, hydrostatic equilibrium, thermal equilibrium, energy production. Energy transport, radiation, conduction, convection, neutrinos; stability against convection. Equations of state; effects of degeneracy, relativity; Opacity. Energy generation, nuclear reaction in stars. Stellar models; solutions of the equations of stellar structure; polytropic, analytic, linear and numerical models. Survey of present knowledge of stellar evolution. Hertzprung-Russel diagram.

PHY        482         Galaxies | 2 units
The milky way, stellar and gas content, kinematics and mass distribution, spiral structure, 21cm. Line studies of galactic structure, star clusters. Radio emission from galaxies. Morphology and classification of galaxies; general properties of galaxies; Systems of galaxies, interaction between galaxies, magnetic fields. Connection between galaxies. Radio galaxies, and quasi-stellar objects.

PHY        483         Modern Cosmology | 2 units
The content of the universe. The cosmological principle; Olber’s paradox; Hubble’s laws; theories of gravitation, variation of the constancy of the nature with time. The Robertson-Walker line elements, the dynamics of world models, Hubble’s constant, red shift magnitude, relations, source, counts, the luminosity, volume tests, and angular diameter red shift test.

PHY        484         High Energy Astrophysics | 2 units
X-rays, gamma-rays and high energy particles; their interactions with matter, nuclear reactions; spallation, observational techniques. Cosmic ray astrophysics; historical development; definition of rigidity; solar wind; flux freezing; solar modulation; the galaxy; diffusion loss equation for electrons in the galaxy. Synchrotron radiation, inverse Compton scattering,. Supernova, Galactic and extragalactic origin of cosmic rays, observational evidence. Acceleration of cosmic rays; Fermi mechanism; shock waves; super-nova. Chells; neutron stars and pulsars; the origin of the highest energy cosmic rays.

PHY        491         Practical Physics VII |2 units
(Prerequisite: PHY 391 and PHY 392)
Selected Experiments from the 400-Level Physics Courses.

PHY        492         Practical Physics VIII | 2 units
(Prerequisite: PHY 491)
Selected Experiments from the 400-Level Physics Courses.

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